MID-TERM Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MID-TERM - Assignment Example The model of partners utilizes the precepts of brain science and religious philosophy together for the fulfillment of truth. My own epistemology underpins individual experience. Individual experience is most pertinent in light of the fact that it assists with relating the hypothesis with the down to earth and the situation being what it is the place it gets basic to relate the encounters of existence with the otherworldly hypothesis; it benefits most in guiding and profound mending. Sharing is the genuine sign of a Christian and that can be accomplished through sharing individual experience. For instance, when I was enduring enormous otherworldly emergency after a specific individual misfortune, with sharing and joining network that revels into supplication, I discovered back my profound self and in magnanimity, I discovered back my own soul. I comprehended the intensity of profound talk during the period which is additionally named as Christian directing.. The two books as per Entwistle are those that show crafted by God and the expressions of God. Brain research manages crafted by the God and Theology with the expression of the God. By and by, a decent mix of both the area can have any kind of effect in one’s life and as a Christian advocate the fulfillment of the best sort of work can be accomplished through deciphering and coordinating both the books to cook best outcome to our customers. Any contention between both the spaces should be plainly settled before executing it. There is an exceptionally slender line among good and bad however as Entwistle has depicted in the book concerning the occasions from individual life, correspondingly mixing Theology with Psychology and placing them into the domain of otherworldliness, it turns out to be simple for anybody to achieve the best of Christian directing. Nonetheless, set in stone will consistently stay to be relative, yet a few models from genuine can be utilized as a sort of spurring factor. Hypothesis of personhood alludes to the Christian hypothesis where the person in social

Cold War Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Cold War Final - Essay Example Somewhere in the range of 1947 and 1991, the Soviet Union looked up to the United States and its partners in a political strain that undermined the tranquility of other uninvolved countries. With the two gatherings having atomic capacities, the world about endured because of contrasts. While none of the two really occupied with military assaults against one another, dangers were given as conciliatory lines seethed on (Totten, 2013). Shockingly, despite the fact that the line included just two gatherings, whatever else occurred on the planet was to a great extent directed by the situations developing between the two. War-whether genuine or cold-is a hindrance to instruction, and if could be maintained a strategic distance from, that is the best alternative. Totten (2013) claims that the status of US training and the world everywhere was enormously influenced by the deadlock. Before the war heightened, the impacts were not felt that much yet that circumstance changed as the power of the war took higher than ever. Tragically, the flashpoints saw during this war were given to the youngsters subsequently influencing their lives contrarily. Therefore, the relations between the understudies from the nations at war communicated comparable perspectives to every along these lines polarizing the training status. Incredible dread held onto the Western nations and their separate residents with many dreading the most noticeably awful as far as financial status (Richards, 2012). Many expected that Russia’s monetary benefits would exacerbate the issue; the US dreaded mastery of the remainder of the world by Russia. Therefore, every side attempted however much as could be expected to amass its partners on the off chance that the war turned savage. Moreover, emergency happening somewhere else on the planet saw every one of the side help one and contradict the other with stakes. Today, however the power of the war is not even close to that time, Bayulgen and Arbatli (2013) guarantee that there is as yet a virus war between the US and Russia. As of late, the US has

Agoraphobia Symptoms and Treatment Options

Agoraphobia Symptoms and Treatment Options More in Panic Disorder Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Coping Related Conditions Currently, panic disorder is diagnosed as occurring with or without agoraphobia. It is also possible to be diagnosed with agoraphobia without a history of panic disorder. Doctors and other mental health providers use the criteria set forth in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) to determine which diagnosis is most appropriate. Below you will find information straight from the DSM, including diagnostic criteria, features, prevalence, and treatment options for agoraphobia. This information covers five common FAQs about agoraphobia that you should know. What Is Agoraphobia? Agoraphobia is defined as a fear of having a panic attack in a situation where it would be challenging or embarrassing to escape. This fear often leads to persistent avoidance behaviors, in which the person begins to stay away from many places and situations in which they fear panic may occur. For example, some commonly avoided circumstances include driving a car, leaving the comfort of home, shopping in a mall, traveling by airplane, or simply being in a crowded area. Due to these avoidance behaviors, the life of a person with agoraphobia can become very restrictive and isolating. Agoraphobia can greatly affect a person’s personal and professional life. For example, heightened fears and avoidance behaviors can make it difficult for a person with agoraphobia to travel for work or to visit with family and friends. Even small tasks, such as going to the store, can become extremely difficult to do. Fear and avoidance can become so severe that the agoraphobic person becomes secluded to their own home. How Is Agoraphobia Different From Other Phobias? The avoidance behaviors present in agoraphobia differ from the diagnostic criteria of a specific phobia. For instance, a person with agoraphobia may avoid traveling by airplane due to a fear of having a panic attack on a plane and not necessarily due to aerophobia, or a fear of flying. Similarly, an agoraphobic may avoid crowds, fearing the embarrassment of having a panic attack in front of a lot of people. Such a fear is not the same as social anxiety disorder, which is a separate mental health condition that involves anxiety about being negatively evaluated by others. Can Agoraphobia Occur Without Panic Disorder? Although rare, it is possible to be diagnosed with agoraphobia without having a history of panic disorder. When this occurs, the person still has a fear of being stuck in a situation where escape would be difficult or humiliating. However, they do not fear to have full-blown panic attacks. Rather, they are afraid of having some of the frightening physical symptoms of panic and anxiety or other intense physical issues, such as vomiting or having a severe migraine. For instance, the person may be afraid that they will lose control of their bladder in public or faint without any help being available. Prevalence Approximately one-third to half of those diagnosed with panic disorder will also develop agoraphobia. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) reports that agoraphobia occurs to approximately 0.8% of adults in the U.S. population in any given year. This condition typically develops in adulthood. However, agoraphobia can emerge earlier in adolescence. Treatment Options If a person does develop agoraphobia with panic disorder, symptoms typically begin to occur within the first year that the person starts having recurring and persistent panic attacks. Agoraphobia can get worse if left untreated. For the best outcomes in managing agoraphobia and panic symptoms, it is important to seek treatment as soon as symptoms arise. Treatment options typically include a combination of both medication and psychotherapy. The treatment process may include some systematic desensitization, in which the agoraphobic person gradually confronts avoided situations. Many times, the person will fare better in facing their fears if accompanied by a trusted friend. Through the support of family and friends and professional help, a person who is struggling with agoraphobia can begin to manage their condition. Through medication and psychotherapy, a person with agoraphobia can expect to eventually experience fewer panic attacks, fewer avoidance behaviors, and a return to a more independent and active life. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

Discrimination Affect On Individuals and Society - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1403 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/04/01 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Discrimination Essay Did you like this example? America is the greatest, freest and most decent society in existence. (Dinesh DSouza) If this were to be true, why do poverty, violence, crime, and discrimination still exist? Moreover, discrimination is an issue of great consequence. Discrimination: the unjust treatment of different people or things, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex (English by Oxford Dictionaries). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Discrimination Affect On Individuals and Society" essay for you Create order Hispanic discrimination began around 1848 when the United States won the Spanish-American War. If America is a great, free, and decent society, why is discrimination still a problem today, after all of these years? According to a Pew Research Center survey on race in America, 50% of high school graduates said they had regularly or occasionally experienced discrimination. The discrimination against Hispanic high school students is a major issue that can lead to mental health issues such as depression, aggression, and low efficacy. One of the major health issues caused by discrimination in high school is depression. The young minds of teenagers are fragile and sensitive, and discrimination drastically affects ones mindset. A study led by Selcuk Sirin, associate professor of applied psychology at NYU Steinhardt, surveyed 173 Hispanic teens, grades 10-12 in New York City high schools. There were higher depression issues found in students in the eleventh and twelfth grade. The increase in symptoms of depression was a result of discrimination-related stress (Harrison 6 7). Depression leads to changes in appetite, sleep, energy level, concentration, and daily behavior. It also leads to other unhealthy issues, such as low self-esteem, isolation, and suicide. The outcome of these negative effects on teens will follow them in the future when entering society. Notably, some people believe the cause of depression is actually created outside of school. They believe that it may result from disputes or personal conflicts f rom home. This is proven incorrect by the article Discrimination Leads to Depression in Minority Children by Elements Behavioral Health. The article claimed, although personal reasons may be a cause, discrimination at school is more likely the cause of depression in students. The most common forms of discrimination were by being called insulting names or being accused unfairly of disrupting the class. The population of Hispanic students is continuously rising in America. These teenagers are the next growing generation; they are the future of society. Due to discrimination, their newly developing minds continue to be contaminated. This corruption prevents Hispanic students from entering the world with a full, healthy mindset. The second major issue caused by discrimination in Hispanic students is aggression. The result of aggression in students from discrimination can lead to violence, which includes bullying, threats, and shootings. Aggression could also cause other behavioral issues such as alcohol consumption and drug use. The article, The Relationship Between Community Violence, Ethnic Discrimination, and Aggression claimed research reported exposure to higher levels of ethnic discrimination was positively related to aggression (?–zdikmenli-Demir 8). The outcome of the aggression and experience of discrimination could lead to threats of others and puts teens at a higher risk of criminal activities. The outcomes not only affect those Hispanics but affect other students around them, as well. An opposing view of aggression would be that it only affects the person and not those surrounded by their presence. The aggressive behavior from one student involves others since the behavior can consist of a rguing with a teacher, blaming others, physical fighting and the disruption of class. Students who are discriminating are not punished for their actions. When a student discriminates, the ramifications that follow are simply receiving detention or a short-term suspension. This allows them to continue with those behaviors since there is no authority over them. Thus, a cycle of discrimination, consisting of those who get away with their actions, is created. When the victim disrupts class from the anger held inside, not only are they held accountable, but they also prevent themselves and others from learning. Those who are discriminated are then forced to believe they are to blame for their aggressive behavior which can lead to dangerously low self-esteem. The consequences of discrimination acted upon Hispanic students, in turn, affects society and can brutally affect the country. The increase of criminal activity, violence, exposure to alcohol and drug abuse pollutes the good of socie ty. Those who are affected by aggression from discrimination are most likely to pass down their traits to their children. With a growing population in America, the risk of discrimination to Hispanics affects future generations in which, the rotting of society will continue. The third mental health issue caused by discrimination against Hispanic students is low efficacy. Discrimination to a student can take a toll on their mental health by leading to a lack of confidence and efficiency. Lacking efficiency affects the persons ability to overcome obstacles and makes them more likely to cease effort early and fail. The authors of a 2011 Child Development study, based at the University of Texas at Austin and UCLA, noted, when students lose confidence in themselves, they lose their ability to be self-efficacious (Thaler 2). The level of confidence one has contributes to how they approach goals, challenges, or tasks. Students having low self-efficacy instills difficult tasks to be avoided instead of mastered, further blocking them from reaching their potential. Individuals who are discriminated have low self-efficacy and are more likely to have unsuccessful outcomes in the future, which also diminishes their ability to achieve goals and tasks. A distinct opini on regarding efficacy would be that it does not affect the students education. To be efficient means to achieve maximum productivity with minimum wasted effort or expense. Since low efficiency is an effect of discrimination, it affects the students amount of productivity. Having low productivity helps create a loss of interest to input effort and becomes a cause of the students struggle academically compared to their peers. A Hispanic student having low efficiency discourages their growth and skill development in which they may find tasks to be harder than they may be. Low self-efficacy strongly relates to their work performance in the future. Lacking confidence and low efficiency allow students to doubt themselves. In a society that is constantly moving and constantly advancing, when one has low efficiency, it negatively affects their ability to advance and create a stable living condition in the future. When this occurs, a cycle of slacking students is created and passed down amon g new generations, affecting the productivity of society. Depression, aggression, and low efficiency are three mental health issues that result from the discrimination of Hispanic high school students. Due to harsh experiences, high school students fresh, evolving minds are damaged, thus preventing them from growing to their full potential. Constant discrimination against Hispanic students calls for the build-up of aggression, because of this, students grow accustomed to becoming violent. Following the increase of violence is room made for criminal activity to rise, creating a dangerous environment. As students continue to face discrimination, they encounter the loss of efficacy, thus resulting in them deprived of overcoming obstacles at the best of their ability. These factors of discrimination altogether affect the students ability for full growth when becoming an adult. It deprives them of making sensible choices for the future. If those Hispanic teens cannot succeed in the future, where does that leave society? Discrimination not only i mpacts the individual but as a consequence, will lead to the disunity and endangerment of the peace of the society. With the expanding population of Hispanic teens, if discrimination continues to rise, the society will be bound to dissolve. Works Cited The Brutal History of Anti-Latino Discrimination in America. History.com, AE Television Networks, www.history.com/news/the-brutal-history-of-anti-latino-discrimination-in-america. Dinesh DSouza Quote. A-Z Quotes, www.azquotes.com/quote/381183. Discrimination Leads to Depression in Minority Children. Addiction Treatment | Elements | Drug Rehab Treatment Centers, Elements Behavioral Health, 17 Dec. 2016, www.elementsbehavioralhealth.com/mood-disorders/discrimination-leads-to-depression-in-minority-children/. Ethnic Identities of University Students. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2158244014541779#_i30. Krogstad, Jens Manuel. Roughly Half of Hispanics Have Experienced Discrimination. Pew Research Center, Pew Research Center, 29 June 2016, www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/06/29/roughly-half-of-hispanics-have-experienced-discrimination/. Latino Adolescents Experiences of Discrimination in High School. Journalists Resource, 19 June 2014, journalistsresource.org/studies/society/education/latino-adolescents-experiences-discrimination-high-school. Self-Efficacy. Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 2 Dec. 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-efficacy. Discrimination | Definition of Discrimination in English by Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford Dictionaries | English, Oxford Dictionaries, en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/discrimination. Efficient | Definition of Efficient in English by Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford Dictionaries | English, Oxford Dictionaries, en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/efficient

Comparing The Crucible and Salem Witch Trials Essay

The purpose of my paper is to compare and contrast Arthur Miller’s The Crucible with the actual witch trials that took place in Salem in the 17th Century. Although many of the characters and events in the play were non-fictional, many details were changed by the playwright to add intrigue to the story. While there isn’t one specific cause or event that led to the Salem witch trials, it was a combination of events and factors that contributed to the birth and growth of the trials. Some of these events included: a small pox outbreak that was happening at the time, the revocation of the Massachusetts Bay Colony charter by Charles II, and the constant fear of Native attacks. These helped in creating anxiety among the early Puritans that†¦show more content†¦A few years later, he was called before the House Committee on Un-American Activities. While admitting to his actions, he refused to name any others involved in the communist front activities. â€Å"Miller also observes the tremendous forces that mere accusation had at this time, something that was evident as well in the McCarthy witch-hunts. A man’s career could be ruined if he were merely asked, â€Å"Are you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist party?†Ã¢â‚¬  In 1954, Miller was denied a passport by the State department when he had planned to attend the opening of his play in Brussels and this was not the end of Miller’s government troubles over the next few decades. He was called before Representative Francis Walter’s Committee on Un-American Activities where he talked to the members on various subjects. At this encounter, Miller was asked about his attendance at a Communist writers’ meeting in which he admitted to attending but was not willing to name any other attendees. Refusing to answer the questions of the committee, Miller was tried and found guilty on two counts of contempt. Sadly though, Arthur Miller passed away in 2005 at the age of 89. In The Crucible, we are introduced to a group of girls who are in the forest dancing around a fire with a black slave named Tituba. As their dancing around, they are caught by the local minister Reverend Parris and suddenly his daughter falls into a coma-likeShow MoreRelatedThe Crucible By Comparing The Salem Witch Trials1431 Words   |  6 Pagesresult, he wrote a play called The Crucible, in which he used the Salem Witch Trials of 1692 to explain the communist hysteria during the 1950s. Arthur Miller develops an allegory in The Crucible by comparing the Salem Witch Trials to McCarthyism by using ringleaders, persecuted couples, and hypocrisy in the government or legal system. Certainly, Miller creates a parallel using ringleaders such as Senator Joseph McCarthy in the 1950s, and Abigail Williams in The Crucible. Without a doubt, Joseph McCarthyRead MoreRed Scare And The Crucible Comparison Essay1008 Words   |  5 PagesRed Scare and The Salem Witch Trials were both events that left a mark in American history. The Red Scare began in 1917 and took place across the United States. The Red Scare was known as the widespread promotion of anti-communism. The Salem Witch Trials began in 1692 and took place in Salem, Massachusetts. The Salem Witch Trials were various court hearings and prosecutions of people in Salem accused of Witchcraft. Arthur Miller wrote The Crucible, a play about The Salem Witch Trials, to send a messageRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pagesthat came from the 1950s was Arthur Miller’s The Crucible. 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As a political allegory of the red scare, Miller’s relatively accurate comparison between the red scare and the Salem Witch Trials throughRead Morethe crucible vs real life766 Words   |  4 PagesLea rning From the Past The Salem Witch Trials were an extremely controversial period of time in our history. This was a time of suspicion and accusation of many innocent women and men that led to hysteria and complete turmoil in Salem Village. The Crucible portrays the Salem Witch Trials in a dramatic sense, but there are many similarities between the movie and the actual events. We can use these unusual events to compare to our own lives and learn from the mistakes of our past. I’ve found thatRead MoreAccusation And Defense Of The Salem Witchcraft Trials1658 Words   |  7 PagesRESEARCH PAPER Accusation and defense in the Salem witchcraft trials Suraj Gamal History 1301-73001-73002 JOE L. MCCAMBRIDGE - HISTORY 1301-1302 One of the most infamous Trial in history took place on March 1, 1692. According, to the Library of Congress, Massachusetts authorities catechized Sarah Good, Sarah Osborne, and an Indian Slave, Tituba regarding their practice in witchcraft. The trial resulted in more than 150 men and women in and around Salem jailed on charges of practicing WitchcraftRead MoreThe Crucible Comparison741 Words   |  3 PagesThe film version of The Crucible depicts the play achieving several depth by depth characteristics that are very similar to the play. The film The Crucible (1996) is introduced chronologically, comparing side by side it is very exact to that of the play. This whole film is based on one simple element and that is witchcraft, the Salem Witch Trials which killed 19 innocent lives who were believed to be associated with the Devil, and believed they were witches that had the ability to fly wherever andRead MoreSimilarities Between Good Night And Good Luck In The Crucible1072 Words   |  5 PagesMiller’s The Crucible, has many unique and complicated characters, purposed to show the severe injustice of the Joseph McCarthy trials in the 1950’s. The injustices created by these trails creates many different conflicts, both internal and external between many different characters. A similar motif is expressed in George Clooney’s Good Night and Good Luck. Arthur Miller uses many different characters to show the chaos the trails created, by relating it to the story of the Salem Witch Trials. The charactersRead MoreThe Human Lust For Power By Arthur Miller1689 Words   |  7 Pagesconstantly analyze its corrupting influence and recursive nature. Arthur Miller’s The Crucible, however, highlights a different facet of power: the means by which individuals strive to obtain it. In particular, he focuses on social power and the use of accusatory labels, such as â€Å"witch,† to obtain this power. The story is also a clear extended analogy for American McCarthyism, comparing the absurdity of the Salem witch trials to the equally ridiculous accusations of â€Å"communist sympathies† that destroyedRead MoreCompare And Contrast Young Goodman Brown And Abigail Williams1435 Words   |  6 Pagesshort story Young Goodman Brown, and the play called The Crucible, wrote these two stories as if they were meant to be compared and contrasted. Whether it is Young Goodman Brown himself, or Abigail Williams from The Crucible, there are many similarities, along with diffe rences between them. Along with comparing characters of these stories, we can also compare and contrast the two main themes. These themes are hysteria, and community. 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Why are there so many more male offenders than female Free Essays

Why are there so many more male offenders than female? Crime is generally committed by the male pursuit but more and more women are starting to play a role init. There are many Factors which contribute to why there are more male prisoners than female. This assignment will go into depth and detail discussing all evidence behind it. We will write a custom essay sample on Why are there so many more male offenders than female? or any similar topic only for you Order Now It will overall provide an explanation to why there is more criminal behaviour in males than females. This will include criminological theories which will be put forward to explain criminal behaviour in both genders. Firstly the key issue surrounding this topic is why there are more male prisoners than female and make sense to why this is. Generally the crimes female commit differ from male criminality. Women appear as offenders in all categories of offences from the least serious to the most serious (Hedenson, 1989). Robert 1977 in United States males are more dominant in burglary, drunkenness, auto theft, robbery, driving under influence, posseion of weapons and sex offences. Females predominate in offences relating to prostitution. Murders are more predominant in male’s activity. (Wilson) majority of victims of murders are males. 2001 indicate that 42% of female. The crime committed by women has more of an emotional characteristic then those committed by men. The pattern of women committing fewer crimes than men continues as there are only 19% of known women offenders. Women are more likely experience domestic violence. Their current or former partner murders two women every week and 44 % of violent incidents against women are domestic. Facts and Statistics are looked at thoroughly in England and Wales by the Home Office and provide the following picture of male and female offending. In 2002; 81 per cent of known offenders were male, and 19 per cent female. Soothill et al (2002) have estimated that 35 per cent of males born in 1958 will have had a criminal conviction by the age of thirty-five; and for women the figure is 9 per cent. According to the statistics of female offenders in prison, most are in for drugs, theft and handling stolen property offences, these accounts for 60% of known female offenders. 15% of sentenced female prisoners have previously been admitted to a psychiatric hospital and over 40% of sentenced women prisoners have been reported as being dependent on drugs in the year before coming to prison. An estimated 20% of women in prison have gone through separation from their parents and have spent some time in care. There have been major controver sies on the different roles played by each gender in accordance to crime. Theorists have been questioning this by looking at social, biological and psychological explanations. They have been used to develop theories to explain why females commit crime and why they commit less crime than males. Theories have over the years developed progressively further by the body work on gender in criminology and social sciences in general. Theorist has stated the casual role of biological and psychological factors in female crime show masculine factors. Cesare Lombroso puts forward the explanation that ‘criminals are atavistic throwbacks and that crime results from a reversion to their more primitive state’. He studied the skulls and bones of women criminal and prostitutions. He also compared factors such as history of both criminal and non-criminal females.Lombroso declared that ‘any physical characteristic that were more common in the criminal group were atavistic’. He viewed women as a’ lower form of life than men.’ Judging from his experiences (and prejudices) lead him to believe that criminals were different physically from normal people and had physical characteristics of savages and inferior animals. The term ‘Born criminals’ that had atavistic qualities and had committed crimes due to mental conditions e.g. general paralysis, dementia, pellagra, alcoholism, epilepsy, idiocy, or hysteria. He also claimed that women are able to adapt to unappealing environment than men hence why they turn to prostitution as an alternative to crime. Lombroso and Ferrerero book titled ‘The Female Offender’ described females as deceitfulness, cunni ng, spite, amongst others which they claim none of which appeared among males. This indicates that criminal females are more genetically like males than none criminal females and such biological abnormal.Moreover, according to Tarde, Lombroso’s theory did not explain the lower rate of criminality among women having the same stigmata. Other theorists such as WI Thomas accepted Lombroso’s account of inferiority and passivity of women, however he did not agree on the theory that criminal women are more like men. In his book, ‘The Unadjusted Girl’ blames female crime on the traditional constraints placed upon them. Resulting from these women have the desire for recognition, and in order to obtain this many females get involved in illegal activities. He discusses that everyone has four main duties in life, desire for new experiences, security, and response, and recognition. Thomas considered that women maintain their virtue until marriage, but these women used their sexuality to obtain whatever they want. Women were seen having feeling confined under monogamy, and having a lot sexual energy, this was released in criminal acts. Sigmund Freud suggested that the explanation to why women commit crime may be due to not being able to fully resolve the Oedipus complex. As they have a great deal of need for the males to approve them they rule out the risk by committing crime. The exceptional female who does offend is seen as suffering from extreme penis envy and, in a desire to be a man, takes an aggressive, non-conforming attitude that may result in criminal behaviour. Freud believed that all individuals are born with a potential to become a criminal due to basic instinct leading to anti-social behaviour. By analysing boys and girls Freud came to the conclusion that due to genetic differences women are more passive than men. Freud agreed with Lombroso in that female criminality rejects passivity and tries very hard to be like men. However, whil e, in theory, women have similar opportunities as men to commit crime these may be limited by other factors such as employment, as fewer women than men work, less opportunity exists. Women are also more likely than men to have primary responsibility for are child-care, which restricts opportunities for various types of criminal behaviour. It is perhaps true that female crime can often explain as women’s unusual response to lack of opportunity and school failure. It is a desperate attempt to escape from poverty rather than, as in the case of many men, an aggressive response to their social situation. Courts may deal more leniently with females. However, it appears that when women commit crimes that go against male stereotypes of femininity, women tend to be more harshly punished than men are. This can be seen with crimes involving violence. Scientists have suggested that the brain differences between male and female is an essential reason why women are more likely to stay out of harm’s way. Current research has demonstrated that females, on average, have a larger deep limbic system than males. Due to this, women are more in touch with their feelings; they have an increased ability to bond and are connected to others.Allen’s study is exceptional in suggesting that violent women offenders received more sympathetic sentences and justice than men did. Typical Cultures where the female stays at home doing housework and looking after the children also reduces female crime rate as there would be less opportunities to commit crime. Females undergoing domestic violence due to culture can however commit one of the biggest crimes. True story by Kiranjit Ahluwalia and Rahila Gupta describes how Kiranjit went through 10 years of domestic violence and eventually loses it one night and sets her husband on fire whilst he was sleeping. Though this story is based on the life of Kiranjit Ahluwalia, parallels can be drawn to the lives of many women who are the victims of domestic violence. It also shows how culture, family value and honour are misconstrued and misinterpreted to allow women no freedom and men no restrictions. Gang culture affects the skew of sexual assaults to being predominant in male activity, violence and rape is cheered on in males as masculinity. Another factor to consider is feminisation poverty (currie 1985). High proportions of women tend to commit crime such as burglary in order to put food on the table for their children for the same reason benefit fraud could be committed. Survey conducted 1994 women in prisons are mostly mothers who have committed an offence for the following reasons; having no money (54%) mixing with the wrong crowd (46%) need to support children (38%) drink and drugs (35%) family problems(33%) having no job (33%) however males tend to engage in burgulary for more or less the same reason. Pasko (2004) stated young females tend to commit crime through the rough experience they live through. An example would be young female runaways who experience abuse and then being returned home by caring professionals who end up experiencing more abuse. Age is another factor that has a relationship between offending behaviour and sex. Tarling 1993 showed criminal statistics for England and Wales showing that the peak age of young males offending was 18 in 1990 and for female it was 15. Males are more likely to commit offences that would be committed by young people offenders were as females tend to commit crime that are done by older people. Females may be committing crime committed by older people due to the family responsibilities they may have therefore this might be re-labelled a ‘crime and responsibility thesis. More Males are likely to commit crime at a younger age due to the environmental influences they encounter as they develop through age. Influences such as violent video games, TV, films and violent role models may play a key role to why there are so many more male offenders than females. â€Å"By the time the average U.S. child starts elementary school he or she will have seen 8,000 murders and 100,00 acts of vio lence on TV.†(New Scientist, 2007). The relationship between gender differences, and criminal behaviour is complex and varied, there are no simple answers. A number of factors must be taken into account, and the environmental influences and cultural traditions can be seen as the most important ones. Bibliography Home office. (2003). Gender crime. Available: http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=442. Last accessed 4th April 2011 New Scientist. (2007). Tv film violence. Available: http://www.cybercollege.com/violence.htm. Last accessed 5th April 2011. Carl Austin, Rahila Gupta. (2007). Provoked true story review. Available: http://www.contactmusic.com/new/film.nsf/reviews/provokedatruestory. Last accessed 4th April 2011. Rita James Simon, Heather Ahn-Redding (2005). The crimes women commit: the punishments they receive. london: Lexington Books. pg65-90 Meda Chesney-Lind, Lisa Pasko (2003). The female offender: girls, women, and crime . london: SAGE Publications Ltd. pg-3-18. Kathleen Daly (1996). Gender, Crime, and Punishment. America: Yale University Press. pg-88-111. Hub pages-Jan- Tutor (2007) http://hubpages.com/hub/ why do women commit Crime Last accessed 5th April 2011 How to cite Why are there so many more male offenders than female?, Essay examples

How and why is federalism enshrined in the US Constitution free essay sample

How and why is federalism enshrined in the Constitution? (15 marks) Federalism is the system of government in which power is dispersed between central and state governments, each level of government having different responsibilities. Article four of the constitution is devoted to outlining the federal-state government relationship. Section one states that all states will honour all of the other states laws; this ensures that a marriage in Florida is also considered marriage in Arizona. Similarly, section two guarantees that citizens of one state are treated fairly and equally like all citizens of other states. For example, it enshrines that a person fleeing a crime from a state with certain punishments, shall be returned by another state if necessary. Moreover, the 10th amendment in the Bill of Rights reserves powers to the states and to the people that aren’t in the federal governments’ domain. Essentially meaning, powers not mentioned in the constitution that don†™t deal with national issues are left for the states to decide on. A key example being policing and other local matters. British oppression had made the Founding Fathers fearful of unchecked centralized power. The Tenth Amendment was enacted to limit federal power. The sheer size of the U.S. means that states such as Alaska have different cultures and demands compared to California. As a result, governing the enormity from Washington would be very difficult. This is why states have their own legislatures with significant responsibilities such as education, healthcare and judiciary procedure. The states are funded in part by the federal government which allows states to allocate their funding for the pressing issues in their region, which might not be an issue in a state. This enables a more democratic process as citizens elect officials on a state basis who are more understanding of local issues and ideas whilst also electing a President and Congress to look after the general welfare and security of the United States. Federalism means that the central government lays claim to less powers and responsibi lities than it would do if it weren’t for the states. It could be argued that federalism adds another check and balance-the federal government may be rich in tax revenues but has little influence within America and plays a bigger role internationally than domestically. The constitution was drawn up in response to tyrannical rule by Britain; fearful of a strong, distant and central power ignorant of the people, fearful of this being repeated, Federalism was seen as the best  option. It was a compromise between self-governing autonomous states and a strong, overpowering central power. It meant at the time, that resources could be allocated accordingly to state demands whilst the federal government could unite forces in the event of an attempted invasion by a foreign power. ‘Transformed beyond recognition from the vision of the Founding Fathers’. Discuss this view of the modern US constitution. (45 marks) The US constitution has been the blueprint for countries around the world seeking to emulate a democratic system of governance. The constitution today still stands strong and is treated with the utmost respect by many Americans and its words are biblical to fundamentalists such as ‘Tea Party’ Republicans. The constitution was drawn up in wake of the tyrannical rule by the British Empire, over-taxed and underrepresented; the 13 colonies on the eastern coast were no longer content with the status quo and declared independence from their colonial rulers. Judging from the historical context, it is clear that the Founding Fathers wanted to prevent a situation similar to this ever arising again. This is why a constitution was drawn up compromising autonomous states and a strong central power which would oversee issues of national and international importance. Article 1 of the constitution established congress as the national legislature, giving it specific powers and responsibilities such as those to ‘coin money’ and ‘declare war’. It is slightly ironic that this so far specific article is also home to the most enigmatic aspect of the U.S. constitution; â€Å"provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States’ and to make all â€Å"nec essary and proper laws†. The generalisation in these terms has led Article 1, Section 8 to be labelled as the ‘elastic clause’ of the Constitution. These terms don’t mention anything specific which has led them to be widely interpreted and argued over. The constitution has without doubt changed since its ratification in 1788, but because the Founding Fathers’ foresaw the necessity for change. They realised that it had to be designed to live and grow as the nation grows, which indeed it has and is evident in the fact that it is a global superpower and is home to the world’s currency reserve. Article 5 is a living testament to this as a sign that the Philadelphia convention delegates knew that it would have to change with the times. This article reserved the responsibility of amending the constitution to congress and the states’ providing both could deliver a  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœsuper majority’. Only 27 amendments to the constitution have ever been ratified (including the 10 in the Bill of Rights), demonstrating the religious nature of the constitution. Apart from the abolition of slavery, no subsequent amendments to the constitution have dramatically changed its nature. This demonstrates the almost religious nature of the constitution-changed so few times as to protect its power and standing in the governance of America. The constitution is living document, designed to be relevant for whatever period of time. However, despite this, the Bill of Rights, effectively apart of the constitution, is aimed at protecting citizens rights from a tyrannical government. But, recently, certain articles have been the source of controversy. A notable example being the 2nd amendment, the â€Å"right of the people to keep and bear arms† to enable citizens to defend themselves from an autocratic ruler. This is a source of national debate, events such as the Sandy Hook massacre have led gun control campaigners to demand laws passed to make the supply of guns much tougher. But, opposition in the form of Republicans, see it as a violation to the 2nd amendment. Unlike the rest of the constitution, this is an archaic clause, only suitable for the circumstances in which the constitution was written, and not in the 21st century when the threat of a foreign power invading/a violent government has gradually diminished. The Founding Fathers’ established the Bill of Rights to â€Å"sugar the constitutional pill† which gave an immense degree of power to the federal government and its branches. The 2nd amendment is not part of the elasticity of the constitution which sought to establish freedom and individual liberties. In fact, it could be argued that it detracts from the nature of freedom as citizens live their lives with the threat of gun violence whilst the constitution legalises it. This clearly wasn’t the intentions of the Founding Fathers’. The federal government over the last century has undertaken some of the responsibilities that traditionally belonged to the states. The changing federal-state relationship has primarily occurred under Democrat presidents, such as Franklin Roosevelt with the New Deal and President Obama with his economic stimulus package in 2009 and his flagship reform; ‘Obamacare’. Such packages stipulate that states commit to providing certain services and invest in specific infrastructure projects. Traditionally, the 10th amendment protected states autonomy but Democrats have used the elastic clause of  Article 1 to claim that they are providing for the â€Å"general welfare† of the United States. But, many Republicans argue that the federal government is encroaching state rights with its demands for road building, improvements to education and compulsory healthcare insurance from employers. Although the central governments demands have been legitimate and well intended, the federal two-tier relationship was designed for two different layers of government doing different roles. But, elasticity of the constitution has led to the tax-rich Washington based administrations take action in times of economic hardship. Federalism has had to be diminished for the national good, which in itself is approved of in the constitution. The main body of the constitution and the Bill of Rights conflict with each other as providing for the general welfare of the country and passing â€Å"necessary† laws may take away part of the state legislatures reason for being. The 1st amendment was established to guarantee the most basic and fundamental rights of religion; freedom of speech and freedom of press. Since the threat of terrorism has plagued western society, organisations such as the NSA and CIA have infringed on citizens rights to free speech by listening into private phone calls a nd the scanning of emails and social network accounts. Many argue that these federal agencies have long exploited the excuse of protecting national security whilst bearing the hallmarks of an overbearing government preventing its citizens from expressing themselves freely without fearing reprimand and insecurity in their everyday lives. The revelations of Edward Snowden have given us an insight into just how extensive government spying is. Again, the federal government has defended its actions by using the elasticity clause, stating that it is acting to protect the national welfare. But, it is clearly unacceptable for a self-proclaimed democratic country to be suspicious of its subjects in this manner. The Founding Fathers’ could have never foreseen this situation in which technology is used to â€Å"protect citizens†. But, since the system they established gives the government power to this, it can still carry on its extensive spying programs. Moreover, attempts have been made to make flag burning illegal under the constit ution. Flag burning is commonly used as a publicity stunt by Islamist extremists who feel that their religious beliefs conflict with American life. Banning of flag burning would prevent a specific section of American society from expressing their religious and personal views even if  they do sometimes condone terrorism. It is unclear, again, what the Founding Fathers’ views were on the 1st amendment. As the constitution is a living document designed to evolve with the times, it is the responsibility of the current generation of citizens to interpret it and act accordingly. Total freedom given to extremists expressing their opinion could lead to citizens fearing for their lives in the event of a terrorist attack. Like most aspects of the constitution, freedom in one area could undermine it in another. The 8th amendment strictly prohibits â€Å"cruel and unusual punishments†. This short and vague term has led many to believe that capital punishment should be abolished as it takes citizens lives. Some activists in favour of capital punishment believe that the 8th amendment technically allows for it to exist, many claim that the punishment in the form of lethal injection is not â€Å"cruel† because as opposed to other methods such as death by firing squad or electric chair, the convicted feels very little pain and dies in a more humane circumstance than the latter two options. The Supreme Court has never declared capital punishment as ‘unconstitutional’, despite many unsuccessful reviews. It is perfectly legitimate for some forms of the death penalty to be considered humane and not cruel within reason. The Founding Fathers’ established a broad framework for subsequent generations to alter as necessary. No matter, capital punishment seems anomalous for a country whose constitution stipulates the prohibition of cruel and unusual punishments. Like with many other constitutional arguments, the historical context must be taken into account. At the time, the 13 colonies wanted to create a civilised and stable society. In conclusion, the constitution has evolved simultaneously with the United States. The country that the Founding Fathers’ created has expanded and transformed beyond recognition through time. Therefore, it is legitimate for the constitution to mirror this. Except, it hasn’t. The constitution still stands in its exact form as it did upon creation, excluding the Bill of Rights which was an addition also enacted by the Founding Fathers’, only 17 amendments have been passed. None of which have directly affected the nature of the historical document. Although the constitution might have stayed the same, the arguments and its purposes have developed dramatica lly. Both left and right, citizens respect the constitution and try to exploit its hollow meaning clauses for their own policies. It is treated reverently and still serves its purpose today;  ensuring accountability at every level of government. Perhaps it is too rigid in some aspects by granting the â€Å"power of the purse† to a partisan Congress and nearly allowing America to default on its debts. Their vision will still be upheld so long as the Supreme Court continues to function as the umpire of constitutional debates.