Twilight in delhi Essay Example for Free

Twilight in delhi EssayThe endpoint Absurd is essenti onlyyimpregnated with various clemente conditionsand situations arousing mistakenity and is necessarily present in the come in world war generation. Life has become bitter sweet or life in death and death in life? to the coming generation. This hu existence predicament pullulate its spears during 1920s, developed during 1940s and perpetuated in the later world. This very notion wasenchanted, transported and sometimes devastated by the intellectualsof this world such as T. S. Eliot, W. B. Yeats, Existentialists, Expressionists, Surrealists, and Absurdists of the 20th century. And de mark for Godot is central sun round whom all the absurdist notionsmove. Ittranscendentstime and hasthe cosmicsignificance even after 60 years ofits publication. Itinsinuates modernismand perpetuates postmodernismthatis postcode but too much with us late and soon, getting and spending, we lay waste our lives before it. Really in the midsty of then terminologicalmayhem, Absurd is best identified withWaiting for Godot with its sense of nothingness in life. Lapis Lazuli -An International Literary journal (LLILJ) 29 Key words Absurd, Existentialism, Surrealism, and Post modernism.ThetermAbsurd is essentiallyimpregnated withvarioushumanconditions and situations arousingabsurdityand is necessarily present inthe postworld wargeneration. Lifehas become bitter sweet orlifein death and deathinlife? to the coming generation. This human predicament sprouted itsspears during 1920s, developed during 1940s and perpetuated inthe laterworld. This verynotionwasenchanted, transported and sometimes devastated bythe intellectualsof this world. Ontheone hand T. S. Eliotbeautifully mirrored theinnerabsurdityofthemodernworld in his magnum-opus The waste land (1921), and Samuel Beckett in his master piece Waiting for Godot (1955), on the other.Superficially Abusrd mode ridiculous, but literally it means Sense having nonsense? or having everyth ing hath nothing?. That is considered absurd is actually anti- traditional andavant-garde,henceis ridiculed. But originally itssignificancelies in itscrude reality. WhenEliotrepents for spiritual infertility in themodernworld, which isfulloffuryand mire, Absurd dramatists were preparing a suitable platform to expose the absurdity of modern man? s life. Absurd dramatistsevenopted the absurd formto expose theabsurdityinits mosteffectiveway.Thisincludesthewriters ofbothdramaand prose fictionand themostsignificantofthemare French Jean Genet and Eugene Ionesco, Irish Samuel Beckett, English Harold Pinter, American Edward Albee and others. Both mood and dramaturgyofabsurditywere anticipated intheir works. Theywere also supported byfewothermovementslike expressionism, and surrealism, alongwith fewotherforcefulworks ofFranz Kafka (TheTrial, Metamorphosis).Thiscurrent movementemerged inFrance after the world was second, asa rebellionagainstessential doctrines and values oftraditional cultur e and traditionalliterature, whichhad the belief that-What a piece of work is a man? How noble in reason, how infinite in faculty In form and moving how expressand admirable In apprehensionhowlike a God The beauty ofthe worldThe paragon of animals?. (Hamlet 47) Theorizing the Absurd Waiting for Godot SixtyYears After 30 But afterthe 1940s existentialist philosophy byJean- Paul Sartre Ablert Camus opined human being as an isolated existant, cast into an alien universe, having a fruitless search for direct and meaning and proceedingtowardsnothingness. They believe that- Its an odd world Full of allthings absurd Most ofit obscure Unseen and unheard. (Brainy Quotes)Thisvery absurdityhas been beautifully penned byAlbert Camus in his TheMythof Sisyphus? (1942) as Ina universe thatis suddenly deprived ofillusions and oflight, manfeels stranger. Hisis anirremediable exile This diovrce between man and hislife, the actor and his setting sincerely yours constitutes the feeling of absurdity. (13) and as EugeneIonesco added fire to the fuel by statingthat- Cut off from his religious, metaphysical, and transcendental roots, man is lost, all his actions become senseless, abusrd and useless. (A Glossary of the Literary wrong 1) Thisvery notionseemssimilartothefollowing lines byS.T. Coleridge,ofhisfamousballad Rime of the Ancient Mariner. Water-water every where Not a drop to drink. (Coleridge 14) SamuelBeckett(1906-89), the mostcelebrated author ofthisvein, isanIrishauthor, writing inFrenchand thentranslating hisownworks into English. His beginning lies inthe breakdown of traditional values. His prominent and dominent theme, hence is man? s alienation and search forselfwhich is the prevailing mode of modernman? slife. His works showthe dusk ofmodernismand dawnofpost-modernismand so washonored withNobelPrize for Literature Lapis Lazuli -An International Literary Journal (LLILJ)31 in1969. As we bid sayonarato onestar, we welcome the other ata transitionalpoint, in the s ame way the publication of Waiting for Godot in 1955, was the appreciated transitional presence on the stage, which bid adieu to themodernism and welcomed post-modernism. ThetermPostmodernism designates too muchwith us late and soon,getting and spending, we laywaste ourlives before it.?Thefounder of this termis Charles Jencks, buthas beenbeautifully defined by Dick Hebdige in Hiding in the accrue as The collective chagrin and ghoulish projections of a post- War generation of babyboomers expecting disillusioned middle age, the predicament? of reflexivity the collapse of cultural hierarchies, the dread engendered by the threat of nuclear self-destruction a sense (developing onwho youread)of placelessness? or theabandonmentofplacelessness(criticalregionalism).Waiting for Godot beautifully designates all these paraphernalia of postmodernism through a vague and nebulous word as well as term of terminological mayhem absurd?. The play has proliferated at anexceptionalrate overthe lastsi xtyyears becauseitdealswiththenotionof man? s existence in this futile world.The playWaiting for Godot portrays an image of man? s existence, which evenafter60 yearsofitspublications seems sort of real. Todaymanhas gained sensible advancement but inner triviality or fragility is still lurking upon his self. The play is a modern allegory of post-war man in a godless, dimensionless and nonmeaningful world. recently Syrian Army attacked on Damascus suburb with chemical weapons, after the Nato? s attack on Yugoslavia and the suffrage in Iraque. Here the lines of W. B. Yeats seems quite applicable, when he says that Turning and turning inthewidening gyre, The falcon can not hear the falconer?Things fall apartthe center cannot hold, Mere anarchyis loosed upon theworld, The blood dimmed flow is loosed and everywhere, The ceremony ofinnocence is drowned. (The Second Coming) Theorizing the Absurd Waiting for Godot SixtyYears After 32 Waiting for Godot formulates a definition of man that transcends the time. The plays that follow it are also pre-occupied with the feeling normal of our times. All that Fall (1959), a radio play, describes man? s frustration and absurdity.Kropp? s Last Tape (1958) is concerned with the perfect realization of Beckett?s psyche of human isolation. Embers (1959) is a monologue of an old man who is haunted by the memory of the past and feels used, confused, and abused. Happy Days (1961) stages the irrationality of human existence without purpose and order. Beckett? s world bears a close resemblance to Camus? s world depicted in The Myth of Sisyphus. Universe suddenly divested of illusions and lights, man feels an alien, stranger.His exile is without remedysince he isdeprived of the memoryofa losthomeor the hopeofapromised land. Camus? s book appeared in 1942, i. e. , during the World War II.The development of the feeling ofthe absurd passesthroughfour stages (1) First one recognizes the meaninglessness oflifewhichis shocking. Second is l ive inconflict between intention(innervoice) andreality. Thethirdistheassumptionofheroic dimensions through living the conflictand makingithis God. The fourthand finalstage consists inthe conscious affirmationthatnothing happens in lifein reality. The sense ofanguish at the absurdityoflife is the theme oftheplays notonlyofSamuelBeckett, but ofAdamov, Ionesco and Genetalso. Asimilarsense ofthemeaninglessness oflifeisalso thetheme ofdramatists, like Sartreand Camus. Butthereis a difference.Thetheatreofthe Absurd abandonsrational devices whereasSartre and Camus expressthenewcontentinthe old convention. MartinEsslin comments on the plays of Beckett is apt, apposite, and appropriate Beckett? s plays lack bandage even more completely than otherworks of the Theatre of the Absurd. Instead of alinear development, they present their author? s intuition of the human coordination by a method thatis essentially polyphonic, they confront their audience with an organized structure of Lapis Lazuli -An International Literary Journal (LLILJ).33 statements and images that interpenetrate each other and thatmust be apprehended in their totality, or else like the different themes in a symphony, whichgain meaning by their simultaneous interaction. (The Theatre of the Absurd 44-45) Waiting for Godot is now recognized as a coeval classic. It was written in 1948, since thenithas beentranslated into manylanguages and performed all over the world. Themost remarkable thingabouttheplayisitsunconventional design. Theplayis apparently haphazard. Butactually it isan extraordinarily powerfulplayin which form and meaning are skilfully blended.The coreofa good playis actionorhappenings, here the verypurpose oftheplayis to say that nothing happens -nothing really happens in human life. Waiting of Godot is thus a paradox. Itisa drama of inaction. Asmanisusually ignorantabout hisrealpurpose in life and he lives inhope ofsome revelationinfuture. We justhangaround waitinglike thetramps or rushmadl y aboutlike Pozzo in search of some purpose. We pass judgment to get a purpose and orderinthat world whichsteadfastly refusesto evidence either. Waiting for Godot is having four characters, who are not four distinct personalities.They are rather generalized images of allmankind(109) whichinLucky? s phrase, isseento waste andpine wasteand pine (73). Theyrepresent aview ofmanas a helpless victim of his life. Non-specific settings are a common feature of Beckett? s drama. The stage -space intheplayisabsolutelybare. Itisindescribable. Itis likenothing. Thereis nothing. There is a tree says Vladimir (117). Strange happenings (sudden rise of the moon, sprouting of leaves), strange characters and their irrational behaviour suggest abstract quality of this setting. The text describes itas void ornothing.Thewhole plot, whichis actuallyabsentmoves round thewaitingofthat personwhose identity, is evennotsure. Vladimirand EstragonwaitforGodot, whose arrivalissupposed butalways suspended as mode rnmanwhatever wishes to do or achieve, scattersinsilence. Now, united we Theorizing the Absurd Waiting for Godot SixtyYears After 34 do notstand butfallinthisfutile world. Eventhoughtlessnesshasbecome the source oftrouble. Thefollowing discussionmade by Vladimir and Estragon beautifully designates it We are in no danger of thinking any more Thinking is not theworst. What is terrible is to have thought.(1954 62-63) Eventually the grace of Beckett? s Waiting for Godot pruned the modern man? s body and soul alike. Even after sixty years of its publication, we designate its significance and relevance both thematically and stylistically. Really whena manpassesthroughexcess deprivationand hopelessness, whether he commits suicide or tries to take revenge but absurdity even does not allows either. Works Cited Abrams, M. H. AGlossaryofLiteraryTerms. IndiaThomsonBusinessInternationalIndiaPvt. Ltd. 2006. Print. Beckett, Samuel. WaitingforGodot. NewYork Grave Press. 1954. Print. Camus, Albert.T he Myth of Sisyphus. Harmondsworth PenguinBooks. 1975. Print. Coleridge, S. T. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. India Anmol Publication. 2009. Print. Esslin, Martin. The Theatre of the Absurd. New YorkDoubleday. 1961. Print. Hebdige, Dick. Hiding inthe Light On Images and Things. London Routledge. 1988. Print. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. India Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. 2001. Print. Lapis Lazuli -An International Literary Journal (LLILJ) 35 Bio-note- Vijay Kumar Rai, Research Scholar,Dept. of English, DDU Gorakhpur University e-mail-Vijaykumar. emailprotected com.

The Importance of Teachers in Fostering Students’ Creativity Essay Example for Free

The vastness of Teachers in Fostering Students Creativity EssayThe Importance of Teachers in Fostering Students Creativity Teacher attitudes, beliefs and classroom practices argon deemed to be of crucial influence in the development of students creative persuasion however the importance of promoting creativity in schools is a controversial topic. Theres no doubt about it. Creativity is as natural and incumbent for children as fresh cableBy exposing our young learners to creative experiences, we give them the gift of a rich and memorable school experience while laying the foundation for a biography of creative expression and important skill skills that are essential at the individual, sociable, and global levels of society. Creativity is found in the obvious subjects such as device and music, but can also be found in science and play. We automatically associate creative thinking with art, music, dance, and drama. However, we must recognize that creative thinking can be fou nd in all aspects of a child? life and can be learned and used daily.Creativity is important at so many levels of our society, including both the individual and the social levels. For example, at the individual level creativity is relevant to solving historical life problems. At the social level, creative individuals pioneer progress in science and technology and the beauty in arts. Furthermore, creativity is important at the global level. Creative accomplishments help to pretend a more interactive world that fortifies homo civilization.In fact, Starko argues that humans would have no advancement in art, literature, science or invention if human creativity did non exist. Ironically educators frequently teach students about creative and eminent people, but ignore teaching methods that foster students creative thinking in the classroom. The importance of the schools fictitious character in the development of students creativity has been highlighted in many studies regarding creat ivity. The classroom is construed to open rude(a) pathways in childrens creativity (Cropley, 1994 Sternbeg, 1999 Starko, 1995).Therefore, teachers must play important roles to enhance the components of students creativity. Unfortunately, often times we are faced with a significant problem What happens if this teacher is not a real leader? In education, as in so many other areas of society, new kinds of organizations and models of lead are needed. Organization and leadership are symbiotic meaning one cannot thrive without the other. The work of new leaders is precisely to help create such new organizational models through new models of leadership.But what constitutes leadership in education? The word education comes from the Latin word educare meaning, To lead out of. Therefore, we could argue that to study education is to study leadership and educators must be leaders by definition. There are many reasons as to why teachers have not assumed the appropriate leadership roles necessa ry in schools and education. First of all, there has been confusion between the meaning of leadership and that of management supervision and administration.Historically, professional teachers were not only expected to obey their superiors and set from questioning authority, but also were expected to view their calling as a vocation not primarily a career. A good teacher was expected to reside in the classroom and teach the students, motivate them, and encourage their creativity no less than a good woman was expected to stay at home and take care of the children. Teachers themselves need to become agents of change in order to fulfill the necessary role of leader in the classroom.For example, pleasant in collaborative activities and personal reflection could help them be a good leader. The behavior of the teacher and whether or not they have assumed the role of leader has a significant influence on students creative thinking in the classroom. It is incredibly important that a teac her is aware of ones own behavior and the environment they create in the classroom. For example, the teacher must act as a positive role model, since the behaviors that the teacher displays shape the behaviors students develop.Also, the teacher must build a classroom atmosphere that allows for creativity to flourish. This could be an atmosphere that is constructively responsive to unusual ideas. Finally, the teacher must put prior an effort to reward and foster students creativity through instructional activities. These three aspects of the teachers role in the classroom reflect personality (e. g. openness), noetic (e. g. creativity), and knowledge prerequisites (e. g. instructional knowledge) that a teacher needs to foster creativity in their students.Unfortunately, many teachers are not prepared to foster creativity or simply do not value creativity in the classroom, which leads to problems among creative children. Some behavioral and personality traits that are common among cre ative children include, impulsiveness, nonconformist, disorganized, adventurous and imaginative. In general, teachers have a negative view of the characteristics associated with creativity, and therefore could be the root of teachers unwillingness to foster creativity in the classroom.If a teacher is a real leader and has sufficient knowledge about creativity, one can modify his/her relationship with these students. There are many ways to modify content, process, learning environment, and products that are challenging for creative students nonetheless, teachers are slow to integrate modifications into their teaching learning practices because of administration problems. Regarding content and process modifications, if we consider all learning activities expensive for fostering the creativity of children we can perceive the importance of independent learning and collaboration for creativity.Starko states that a classroom environment that supports universal ideas provides immunity of thought and freedom of choice and is conclusive to creative achievement. In conclusion, we can see that teachers who respect childrens ideas succeed in helping them learn to think and solve problems for themselves. Children who aroma free to make mistakes, explore, and experiment, will also feel free to invent, create, and find new ways to do things. The side benefit is that fostering creativity in our classroom makes teaching more rewarding and fun and gives children a zest for imagining and learning that could last a lifetime.

State Bank Of India Marketing Essay

State Bank Of India Marketing EssayThe beveling industry is full(prenominal)ly competitive. The financial services industry has beenaround for hundreds of years and just about everyone who inescapably banking servicesalready has them. Because of this, banks must attempt to lure clients away fromcompetitor banks. They do this by offering outseter financing, preferred rates andinvestment services. The banking sector is in a race to cod who can offer both the bestand fastest services.2.Buyer Power HighWith the emergence of larger figure of speech of players in the Banking Industry, the switchingcost of the buyer has gone done significantly. The bonus is presently on the effectiveness and speed with which the services are provided to the customers. Financial institutions byoffering better exchange rates, more services, and exposure to foreign capital marts -work extremely hard to win high-margin corporate clients. Options in the railroad car FinanceSector also give the customer s more power to decide upon the kind of financing.Introduction of specialized products for Women and Students etc also show that thebuyer power is high in this Industry.3.Supplier Power LowThe suppliers of capital do not pose a big threat, but the threat of suppliers takingaway the human resource. If a talented individual is running(a) in a smaller regionalbank, there is the chance that person will be enticed away by bigger banks,investment firms, etc.4.Threat of New Entrants Low starting time a bank in a country like India is not as easy as any other industry, but if anew bank is started that is mainly targeted on Niche Segments might pose a threat to SBI. The new entrants from a different country are always discouraged to takepart.BCG intercellular substanceBCG growth share matrix uses relative market shares and annual rate of market growth as criteria to quick investment decision .It can be subdivided into the following 1.CASHCOWHere mature and successful business that generates excess cash with low investment2.DOGSlow market share generating very low cash3.QUESTION MARK?low market share in high grow market requiring substantial market4.STARfast growing industry with high market share which requires investment customer VALUESTHE VALUE CHAINIt is a tool for identifying the ways to create more customer values through various activity perform to design. selling computer programmeInstitution for advanced learning To provide state of the art training in financial products to middle level and senior level executives.Internal advisor/change agentTo act as a catalyst for change in attitudes and orientation of banking staff and to provide expertise and consultative support.Feedback supplier confiscate and structure feedback from the trainees and the market.Think tankTo provide expert and informed suggestions, model business suggestions, analysis of market development from a bankers perspective.Research and developmentTo restrain out research on contemporary subje cts which are relevant to banks medium and short term operational needs and policies.Overlapping staff training centres supervise and validating staff training centres.Strategies employed by State Bank of IndiaTo counter the intense competition from private and foreign banks, SBI carried out amajor Organizational restructuring exercise. The paint aspects involvedRedesigning of Branches.Technological upgradation (CoreBanking System).Providing alternate channels.Focus on alean structure.The objective being to increase customer satisfaction convenience, simplifyingprocesses for employees, enhancing SBIs competitiveness in the market and in turnincreasing the profitability through higher market share and improved processefficiency.MACRO MICRO ENVIRONMENTS OF SBIFor any decisions there are number of factors which influences the decisions.The factors which influences the decision are also termed as its environment.The environment can be internal,can be controlled by the organisation.Mic ro specific to industry and is different for different industry and large generic in nature and is intented for business environment.Macroenvironment of SBI are-1.demographic2.Economic3.Socio-Cultural4.Natural5.Technological6.Political-LegalMicro environment factor closed to business that have a direct impact on its business operation and success.The factors are-1.Customers2.Employees3.Suppliers4.Shareholders5.Media6.CompetitorsCONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOUR Since SBI has a large number of banking outlets all over the nation, its consumers do transactions to a great extent.MARKETING RESEARCH (SALES FORECASTING)As of August 27 2012,the concensus format amongst 48 polled investment analysts covering SBI advises investors to hold their position in the company.The previous consensus forecast advised that SBI would subdue the market.Share Price Forecast-the 45 analysts offering 12 month price target s for SBI have a median target of 2121 with a high estimate of 2881 pts.BASES AND LEVELS OF SEGMENTATIONSegmentationTo identify groups of buyers within a market place,which are distinguished by varying needs and behaviour.BASESGeographicegBiometric ATMDemographicegKisan Credit CardBehaviouralegSaving Banks AccountPsycographicCredit Card,Platinum Card,Smart Card,Vishwa YatraLEVELSLocal MarketingTailored to the needs and wants of local customer groups.Mass Marketing through with(p) through Radio,Television and Newspapers.Niche MarketingMeant for the elite class(Platinum Cards)Segment MarketingRecognizes that buyers differ in needs,perceptions and buying behaviour.TARGETING DONE BY SBIProduct SpecializationCar/Auto Loans,Consortium AdvancesMarket SpecializationHome LoansFull Market SpecializationHome Loans,Education LoansPOSITIONING Positioning strategies can be conceived developed in avariety of ways.It can be derived from the object attributes,competition,application,the qualitys of consumers involved,or the characteristics of the product class.Strategies based on-1.Custom er benefits2.Pricing3.Applications4.Product Process5.Product Class6.Cultural Symbols7.CompetitorsSome of the Positional Strategies taken by SBI are of the following1.Launched new products and services to stir its image as a customer friendly Bank.2.SBI has also entered into several alliances and tie-ups with automobile insurance,mutual fund,project finance and medical equipment companies.3.Marketing initiatives to improve its reach,egaggressive marketing through sign and television media.QUESTIONNAIREName ____________________________________Occupation ________________________________Contact Detail ______________________________Age little than 2122-3031-4041-5051-6060+2. GenderMaleFemale3. Marital Status single(a)MarriedOthers4. On which bank you depend for your regular transaction?SBIAllahabad BankPNBOther Bank, please specify (_______________)5. Are you aware of the products services provided by SBI?YesNo6. If yes are you aware of the advance products(Loan Segments) of SBI ?YesN o7. Which bank you prefer for taking contributes ?SBIAllahabad BankPNBOthers, specify(____________)8. If you prefer SBI for taking loan then what inflence you to take loan from SBI ?__________________________________________________________9. Which loan product of SBI have you used ?Home LoanEducation LoanCar LoanPersonal LoanOther Loans, Specify (_____)10. What do you retrieve about the services provided by SBI in advance product ?BadSatisfactoryGoodExcellent11. Which features you like most in loan segments of SBI ?Less paper workAttractive Interest RateTransparencySimple and Fast processingFlexibility to choose an EMI base loan or an overdraft seven-day tenure loan for ease of repaymentSpecially designed product for self employedAny other feature, specify (______)11. Mention that account type you are having currently ?_________________________________________12. How far are you satisfied with the current services of the bank ?Very satisfiedSatisfiedNeither satisfied nor dissatis fied displeaseVery dissatisfied13. The most frequently used service by you is of ________.Banking OutletsInternal BankingMobileATMOthers14. Any suggestion you want to give for the overture of SBI products ?________________________________________________

Prevalence Of Diabetes Mellitus Health And Social Care Essay

Prevalence Of Diabetes Mellitus wellness And Social Care EssayINTRODUCTIONDIABETES MELLITUSDiabetes is a syndrome that is caused by a relative or an absolute lack of insulin. It is characterized by symptomatic glucose intolerance as well as alterations in lipoid and protein metabolism. Over the spacious term, these metabolic abnormalities, particularly hyperglycemia, contribute to the development of complications such(prenominal) as retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy. Approximately 5% to 10% of the diagnosed diabetic population has lawsuit 1 diabetes mellitus (Koda-Kimble et al., 2005). Most of the diabetic patients rush typefacesetters case 2 diabetes mellitus, a conglomerate dis put up that is characterized by obesity, -cell dysfunction, resistance to insulin action, and change magnitude hepatic glucose production.1.2 PREVALENCE OF DIABETES MELLITUSDiabetes Mellitus is a inveterate disease and is no longer an epidemic that can be ignored. It is substantiate that diabe tes is increasing rapidly in any parts of the world (IDF, 2009). The prevalence of diabetes for all age- groups worldwide was estimated to be 2.8% in 2000 and 4.4% in 2030. The kernel number of great deal with diabetes is projected to rise from 171 trillion in 2000 to 366 million in 2030 (Wild et al., 2004). In South-East Asia region, the number of pack with diabetes will reach 101.0 million by social class 2030 which show an increase of 72.1% compared to 58.7 million in grade 2010 (IDF, 2009). While in Western Pacific region, the number of people with diabetes will reach 112.8 million people by year 2030 compared to 76.7 million people in year 2010, which show an increase of 47.0%. WHO predicts that in Asia and Australia region the prevalence of diabetic will reach 190.5 million in year 2030 (WHO, 2004).Similarly in Malaysia, the diabetes epidemic shows an increase trend over the years. The number of people with diabetes will increase to 2.74 million by year 2025 compared to 1.53 million in year 2007. The national prevalence of diabetes was estimated to be 12.3% in year 2025 (IDF, 2009). Approximately 1.2 million people in Malaysia arrest diabetes and more than half(prenominal) of them are not aware of it.The third National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS III) shows that in that respect was an increasing trend in prevalence with age from 2 percent in the 18-19 years old to an alarming prevalence ranging amidst 20.8 to 26.2 percent among those 50-64 years old. Those with primary education or less have a high prevalence. The national prevalence of known and newly diagnosed diabetes above 30 years old rose from 8.3 percent in NHMS II to 14.9 percent in NHMS III. This shows that the prevalence of diabetes has change magnitude by 80 percent over a decade with an average of 8 percent per year. The diabetes in Malaysia has al to the highest degree doubled in magnitude over the last decade (NHMSIII, 2006).The main factors that contribute towards the in crease in the adventure of infection of diabetes are socioeconomic influences, BMI, effects of urbanization, and familial aggregation. In socioeconomic influences, it shows that lower educational positioning and the lack of health kick facilities in the rural areas delay the diagnosis of diabetes. More than 70% of diabetes subjects in India remain unknown in rural area (Deo et al., 2006). Moreover, this study also observed that people of the lower socioeconomic status had lower BMI. Furthermore, urbanization leads to unhealthy supportstyle changes which require the metabolic changes. The high prevalence of diabetes also found associated with increasing family history of diabetes. High prevalence of diabetes in the first degree relatives which is commonly seen in Asiatic Indians (Deo et al., 2006).A comparative epidemiology study was conducted among Japanese immigrants in joined States living around Hawaii and Los Angeles and among Japanese living in Hiroshima. Results showed that the Japanese who lives in United States are in higher(prenominal) prevalence of getting diabetes compared to the Japanese in Hiroshima due to the westernized lifestyle (Hara et al., 2004).1.3 COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES MELLITUSUn chinkled diabetes mellitus will leads to multiple complications. In Malaysia, only 6.1% among the 30 49 year age groups of diabetes mellitus patients were under control. This reflects the lack of concern for risks and complications among the young patients. A total of 1 in 4 diabetics in the 30-39 age group already show complications of the disease (Chua, 2006). Moreover, patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, regardless of the type of diabetes, exhibit all-important(a)ly increased odds of surgical and systemic complications, higher mortality and increased length of stay during hospitalization (Marchant et al., 2009).Individuals with pre-diabetes, undiagnosed type 2 diabetes, and long-lasting type 2 diabetes are at high risk of all complicatio ns of macrovascular disease, coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and peripheral vascular disease (Laakso, 2010). Moreover, M Lgaakso also indicates that more than 70% of type 2 diabetes patients die of cardiovascular causes. Hence, the epidemic of type 2 diabetes followed by an epidemic of diabetes-related cardiovascular diseases (CVD).Diabetes patients present a two to four time great risk for coronary artery disease (CAD) than non-diabetes individuals (Protopsaltis et al., 2004). The selective information obtained from UKPDS 23 indicated that for each 1% increment of HbA1c in that respect was a 1.11-fold increased risk of CAD, whereas for each 1-mmol/l increment in LDL concentration, there was a 1.57-fold increased risk.A study carried out among African American with diabetes showed that the major(ip)(ip) risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertension and smoking are important determinants of CVD in African Americans with diabetes. Moreover, other blood markers of hem ostasis or inflammatory response and elevated serum creatinine proved to be CVD risk factors in African Americans with diabetes (Adeniyi et al., 2002).Retinopathy is the most common microvascular complication of diabetes, which passs in blindness for over 10,000 people with diabetes per year (Fong et al., 2004). A study do among Australian population showed that the prevalence of retinopathy was 21.9% among known type 2 diabetes and 6.2% in those newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Generally, 15.3% of diabetes patients have retinopathy (Tapp et al., 2003).A prospective cohort study showed that the presence of diabetic retinopathy was associated with a two-fold higher risk of incident CHD events and a three-fold higher risk of fatal CHD (Cheung et al., 2007). Hence, the microvascular diseases do play a role in the pathogenesis of CHD in diabetes.Amputation is wizard of the major complications that should be interpreted into consideration among diabetes patients. Diabetes is the cause of 50 % of all the non-traumatic amputations in the United States. Among all the diabetic amputations, 24 % amputations are the toe, 5.8 % are mid foot, 38 % are under the stifle, and 21.4 % are above the knee, and the remaining 10 % embroil the hip, pelvis, knee and other sites (Levin, 2002).One study reported an 8 % increase in amputations from 61 of 10,000 patients with diabetes in 1990 to 66 of 10,000 patients with diabetes in 1995. After diabetic patients undergo amputation, their risk of developing a foot ulcer or of requiring a second amputation increases dramatically. A total of 50 % of patients with diabetes die within 5 years afterward amputation (Peters et al., 2001). In Malaysia, among 203 patients that underwent amputation, 66 % of the patients were diabetics and amputations performed were related to diabetic foot conditions. Among them, 17.2 % patients underwent above knee amputation, 32.8 % underwent below knee amputation and 50 % underwent local foot amputation. About 59 % patients underwent amputation due to diabetic complication were less than 60 years old (Yusof et al., 2007).A study done involving Korean type 2 diabetic patients showed that the HbA1c is significantly associated with carotid plaque and peripheral arterial disease (PAD) (Choi et al., 2010). A cross sectional study was conducted, and it shows that the glycemic control was poor with 53.6% of the patients having HbA1c above 8% and 24% of them had microalbuminuria (Chan et al., 2005).1.4 MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS1.4.1 Controlling Glycemic LevelTight control of blood glucose levels offers primary and secondary prevention for the development of diabetic kidney disease (Stanton, 2008). By lowering glycated hemoglobin value to 6.5% or less, a 10% relative reduction was observed in the combined outcome of major macrovascular and microvascular events. Moreover, there was also a 21% relative reduction in nephropathy (Patel et al., 2008).A study carried out in the United Kingd om showed that intense blood glucose control in type 2 diabetes patients significantly increased the cost of treatment, but the cost of complication was reduced and increased the time still of complication (Gray et al., 2000). Although good controlling on blood glucose will benefit the diabetes patients, the potential benefits of glycemic control must be balanced a suck upst factors that either preempt benefits (limited life expectancy, comorbid disease) or increase risk (severe hypoglycemia, weight gain) (Woolf et al., 2000).1.4.2 Pharmacological TreatmentAccording to the Malaysian Clinical practice Guidelines Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 4th sport (2009), the first line therapy for oral agent is Metformin, while other oral agents are acceptable as alternatives. However, usage of Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) has been found to have greater force in glycemic control compared to Metformin and Sulphonylurea (SU). Currently there are five classes of oral hypoglycemic agents, which include -glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs), Biguanides, Dipeptidyl petptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, Insulin Secretagogues (Sulphonylurea and Non-Sulphonylurea / Meglitnides) and Thiazolidinediones (TZDs). Factors that are taken into consideration when selecting the treatment include the patients clinical characteristics, such as degree of hyperglycemia, weight and renal function (Walker and Whittlesea, 2007).Scheen and Lefebvre (1998) suggested that the selection of oral antihyperglycemic agents as first-line drugs or combination therapy should be based on both pharmacological properties of the compound (efficacy and safety) and the clinical characteristics of the patient (stage of disease, clay weight). Furthermore, each antihyperglycemic agent may also be combined with insulin therapy to improve glycemic control after secondary failure to oral treatment.A systemic review on the trenchantness and safety of oral antihyperglycemic agents showed that most oral agents improved gly cemic control to the resembling degree as sulfonylureas, though nateglinide and -glucosidase inhibitors may have slightly weaker effect (Bolen et al., 2007). Other than that, this review also showed that most agents other than metformin increased body weight by 1 to 5 kg. In terms of safety, sulphonylureas and repaglinides were associated with greater risk for hypoglycemia, thiazolidinediones with greater risk for heart failure and metformin with greater risk for gastrointestinal problems. Another systemic review and meta analysis on the effect of oral hypoglycemic agents on HbA1c levels showed that most OHAs lowered HbA1c levels by 0.5 to 1.25 % whereas thiazolidinediones and sulfonylureas lowered HbA1c levels by 1.0 to 1.25 % (Sherifali et al., 2010). This review also concluded that the benefit of initiating an OHA is most apparent within the first 4 to 6 months.A meta analysis on comparison of unalike drugs as add-on treatment to metformin in type 2 diabetes showed that sulphon ylureas, -glucosidase inhibitors and thiazolidinediones induced reduction of HbA1c of 0.85, 0.61 and 0.42 respectively (Monami et al., 2007). In direct comparisons, sulphonylureas induced a greater reduction of HbA1c than thiazolidinediones. For the treatment with -glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs) acarbose, a meta-analysis showed favourable trends towards risk reduction for myocardial infarction and any cardiovascular event (Hanefeld et al., 2004). The meta-analysis also revealed that acarbose treatment also significantly improved glycemic control, triglyceride levels, body weight and systolic blood pressure.1.4.3 Non Pharmacological TreatmentExerciseExercise plays an important therapeutic role in the management of type 2 diabetes and usually is prescribed along with dietary therapy and pharmacologic therapy. The benefits of physical exercise are observed through the lowering of blood glucose concentration during and after exercise (Najim, 2008). Physical activities are able to reduce the risk of progression from impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) to type 2 diabetes mellitus by 58% (Sigal et al., 2006). There is evidence that showed the coincidence between the exercise and the HbA1c level, where exercise training reduced HbA1c by an amount that should fall the risk of diabetic complications (Boule et al., 2001).b. Dietary ControlObesity and weight gain contributes to the development of diabetes. The impact of obesity will put the diabetic patients on risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) (Anderson et al., 2003). Hence, decreasing the weight will decrease the risk for developing diabetes. Despite that, glycemic control also will be well controlled. A meta-analysis on restricted-carbohydrate diets in type 2 diabetic patients showed that there is an improvement in HbA1c, fasting glucose, and some lipid fractions (triglycerides) with lower carbohydrate-content diets (Kirk et al., 2008). A study conducted to assess the effects of high dietary fiber intake in type 2 di abetic patient shows that high intake of dietary fiber, particularly the soluble type, improves glycemic control, decreases hyperinsulinemia and also lowers plasma lipid concentrations (Chandalia et al., 2000). The Malaysian Clinical Practice Guidelines for Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 4th Edition (2009) suggests that a balanced diet consisting of 50-60% (Carbohydrate), 15-20% (Protein) and 25-30% (Fats) are encouraged. However, these recommendations must be individualized based on glucose and lipid goals.1.5 MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC DISEASES IN PRIMARY HEALTH CAREIn United States, there is an estimated of 99 million Americans living with a chronic illness. This becomes one of the major challenges faced by the U.S. health business organization system today and in the future. However, the defining features of primary care which includes continuity, coordination and comprehensiveness, are well suited to the care of chronic illness (Rothman and Wagner, 2003).In the WHOs World H ealth Report 2008 Primary Health Care Now More Than Ever shows that the primary-care team becomes the mediator between the community and the other levels of the health system, helping people navigating through the maze of health services and mobilizing the support of other facilities by referring patients or calling on the support of specialized services (WHO, 2008). Evidence has shown that with a better primary care, curiously coordination of care could reduce avoidable hospitalization rates, especially for individuals with multiple chronic conditions (Wolff et al., 2002). In Thailand, the patient satisfaction toward primary care units has improved when compared to public hospitals out-patients-department. An evolutionary change, as the patients in Thailand started to have confidence in local facilities such as primary care units for monitoring of chronic diseases (Pongsupap et al., 2005).1.5.1 The Management of Chronic Diseases in Primary Health Care Centers in MalaysiaChronic di seases are the major cause of death and disability in Malaysia, accounted for 71% of all deaths and 69% of the total burden of disease. Preliminary data from Malaysian Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) Surveillance 2005/06 estimated that most 11.6 million Malaysian adults aged 25-64 years were having at least one risk factor for chronic diseases and only some 3% did not have any risk factor. (Ramli and Taher, 2008). A study carried in an urban primary health care setting in Sarawak shows that the poor glycemic control (HbA1c 7.5%) is about 38%. Wong and Rahimah (2004) suggested that reasonable glycemic control can be achieved in the primary health care setting in Sarawak.A study was carried out to appreciate the status of diabetes care and prevalence of diabetic complications among the diabetic patients in primary private health care Malaysia. Majority of diabetic patients treated at the primary care level were not satisfactorily controlled and were associated with a high prevalenc e of complications (Mafauzy, 2005). Hence, there is a need on putting on more efforts in order to achieve clinical targets.1.6 MEDICATION ADHERENCEA literature review showed that the love rates for patients with type 2 diabetes have ranged from 65 % to 85% for OHA and 60 % to 80 % for insulin (Kenreigh and Wagner, 2005). A survey was done in the United States to assess music union, knowledge of therapeutic goals and goal attainment for adult patient with diabetic. The result showed that 48 % of patients were medication non-adherent and most frequently reported reasons for non-adherence were forgetfulness (34 %) and too expensive (14 %). This study also shows that the patients at HbA1c goal were more adherent than patients not at goal (Whitley et al., 2006).A study was carried out by Tan and Judy, on self-care practices of Malaysian adults with diabetes and sub-optimal glycaemic control. The result showed that only 53 % subjects scored below 50 % in their diabetes-related knowledg e, subjects with medication non-adherence, 46 % tended to have higher fasting blood glucose levels and only 15 % of the subjects practiced SMBG (Tan and Judy, 2008). Patients which non adherent to the drug regimen was found to be at higher risk of hospitalization. The study on this showed that patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who did not obtained at least 80% of their antihyperglycemic medications across a year were at a higher risk of hospitalization in the following year (Lau and Nau, 2004).1.6.1 Factor Affecting Non-Adherence in Diabetes MellitusDrug non-adherence is a major concern in patient management, especially in individuals with diabetes, which makes the glycemic control difficult to attain. Adisa et al. (2009) stated that the commonly cited intentional nonadherence practice included dose omission, 70.2%. Almost 50 % respondents were fed up with daily using up of drugs and 19.8% of the respondents stated that it was inconvenient to take the medications outside. Furt hermore, forgetfulness (49.6%) and high cost of medication (35.5%) were also reasons for non adherence. Another factor that influenced the non adherence were patient-related factors (96%) and health care system-related factors (79%) (Ratsep et al., 2007). Ratsep et al. stated that the patient-related factors include patients sensory faculty regarding diabetes and its complications, patients motivation to change their lifestyle, non-compliance with medical regimen, patients financial problems and their non-attendance. Health care system-related factors include the lack of special diabetes education for nurses, underfunding and an inadequate number of patients educational materials.1.7 PHARMACISTS INTERVENTIONHealth coaching which relies on frequent contact and ongoing intervention has emerged in recent years as part of disease management initiatives (Melko et al., 2010). This has been promoted as an effective method for improving health outcomes and patient compliance with medicatio n. A pilot study done by Melko et al. (2010) has shown that health coaching combined with tools do increased medication adherence.In United States, the adherence to OHA therapy ranged from 36 to 93 % in patients remaining on treatment for 6 to 24 months. Electronic monitoring identify poor compliers for interventions that improved adherence,61 to 79 % (Cramer, 2004).A study has shown that, HbA1c levels decreased significantly in the intervention group after the 4th month and remained lower than in the control group until the 12th month (Scain et al., 2009). Moreover, a decreased of HbA1c by 0.16% was observed with each 10% increased in drug adherence (Schectman et al., 2001). With every 1 % reduction in updated mean HbA1c was associated with reductions in risk of 21 % for any end point related to diabetes, 21 % for deaths related to diabetes, 14 % for myocardial infarction and 37 % for microvascular complications (Stratton et al., 2000).A review of the literature on the role of phar macists indicates that there is a potential benefit of pharmacist interventions to improve medication adherence in diabetes, especially focusing in providing patient education (Lindenmeyer et al., 2006). A study on Latino patients with uncontrolled diabetes (Hemogloblin A1c 8.0%) showed that intervention from the pharmacist and health recall dose team management of uncontrolled diabetes appears to be a feasible approach in order to improve the medication management (Gerber et al., 2009).Marcio Machado and his team found that there is a significant reduction in HbA1c levels in the pharmacists intervention group but not in the control group which is without pharmacists intervention (Machado et al., 2007). In the ledger which discussed the role of pharmaceutical care in diabetes management, there were evidences suggesting that the pharmacists efforts in optimizing the pharmacotherapy can prove a valuable component in community-based multi disciplinary diabetes care (Davis et al., 20 05).A meta analysis carried out by Conn et al. (2009) which investigated the effectiveness of interventions to improve medication adherence in one-time(a) adults suggests that interventions increase medication adherence in older adults.The types of interventions include pill count, electronic medication -event monitoring device (MEMS), diabetes education, medication commission, monitoring and insulin initiation and/or adjustments. In comparison of MEMS and pill count, MEMS data resulted in different numbers and types of recommendations than pill counts (Matsuyama et al., 1993). Hence, the pharmacists then could make specific recommendation regarding patient educations.A Cochrane review stated that almost all of the interventions that were effective for long term care were complex, which include combinations of more convenient care, information, reminders, self-monitoring, reinforcement, counseling, family therapy, psychological therapy, crisis intervention, manual telephone follow -up and supportive care (Haynes et al., 2008). However, there is no conclusion about the effectiveness of the interventions that could lead to large improvement in adherence and treatment outcomes.An earlier meta analysis of studies conducted reported that chronic disease patients including those with diabetes and hypertension, as well as cancer patients and those with mental health problems benefited from interventions such as prescription refills, pill counts and electronic monitoring (Roter et al., 1998).1.8 RESEARCH OBJECTIVESThe primary health care settings play an important role in primary steps in order to prevent the development of chronic diseases. In Malaysia, there were a number of people who have chronic diseases that received treatment in the primary health care settings. Hence, research should be carried out in order to assess the medication adherence among diabetic patients in the primary care settings in order to achieve better therapeutic outcome.1.8.1 General Objec tiveTo assess the impact of pharmacist counseling on medication adherence among the diabetic patients in primary care centre1.8.2 Specific ObjectivesTo assess patients blood glucose level and knowledge, before and after counseling.To evaluate patients medication adherence, before and after intervention.To correlate the medication adherence with counseling.

Social Conflict Theories of the Family

Social Conflict Theories of the FamilyThe theory asserts that interlocking in the families is a very normal occurrence .Conflict theories view family as a class in confederation, which one of the group is oppressing others. Debatably, a family is not just a kind entity of children and married couples. It is a social group in which its fellow members are linked to each other through marriage, ancestry, living together and adoption .In addition they bring off for each other and share economically. Family is just but a section of society. Conflict theories fool variety of roots from systematic approach of society by Marxist and intra-psychic approach of individuals by frauds. Functionalists analyzed family as a miniature society in which each member of the family performs different essential activities that will pass on to survival and continuity of the family.Social conflict theories are based on a family as a difficult system characterized by conflict and discrepancy that caus es social heighten. Conflict theory focuses the way in which members of the family struggle for different aspects of life. This include struggle for resources and force. As the family grows individuals within the social unit compete for wealthiness and prestige hence it leads to creation of conflict. It is not always true that families live harmoniously. Conflict theory is there to challenge on such stereotype beliefs. In the contemporary society then economy has inflated hence there is need to struggle in order to survive. According to Marxist groups and individuals in society have different non-material and material resources. The more powerful individuals use their powers to exploit and oppress those with no power.The conflict theory views the family as a societal init that is in a continuous clash and a state of disharmony. The participatings in the world have led to changes in roles played by each member of the family. The theory identifies and elaborates on the dynamism of roles and the genesis of conflicts in the family. Furthermore it uncovers on ways in which the members of the family deals with conflicts, adversity and changes. In families their exist diversity of powers. For example in most communities it is believed that the father is the head of the family. When families have been separated it is important to create a good relationship. It is within the family frame-up that its members understand and become more forceful to the causes of conflict.It is so difficult for individuals to interact without conflict, offshoot of all the family members of the family occurs through conflict. The conflicts and changes that occur in human life are important indicators of normal development and growth of family members. The important aspect of conflict is how to manage it. Family members should learn how to manage conflicts so that it does not lead to alienated relationship.The theory pus lots of emphasizes on establishing the causes and final results of conflict. Families have disagreements of unhomogeneous things, from the minor ones like what to eat for supper to bigger ones on how to bring up children. Members of the family differ in interests, extent of hostility, nature, personality and how we express and react on conflicts. In a nuclear family for example the mother and father may have conflicting goals such as how to spend the salaries. Due to the development of women rights functional women argue that if both members are working they should divide all the activities in the house equal, but men will always belief that the household chores belongs to the women. The family as a unit is made up of individuals with different sex, age personalities and ideologies hence the occurrence of conflict is based on nature. Families too differ in power some of the sources of power include love, money, physical cruelty and legitimacy. Each member of the family has power the however difference is its degree and sources. Perhaps, commu nication is the most important solution to family issued. Members of the family should ensure that they establish a good communication.Furthaermore individuals should be understanding and empathic. The families should be ready to change in order to resolve conflict.Conflict theories of the family have various assumptions .If families interact there is no way of escaping conflict. As a family there are conflicting interests. In addition the family will feel the social change and growth through conflict. Secondly the theories assume that change and conflict in families are ever-present, foreseeable and normal in e very family relationships. The theory states conflict has been a prevalent hence the main goal is to manage it so that it does not grow to alarming levels that may cause damage to the family members. Given a chance to develop conflict families will inevitably break and cause unhealthy separation. For example divorce occurs when issues are not solved hence change state chron ic. Families too face scarcity of resources, in most cases conflict occurs because the resources that are available are not enough to meet all the needs of the family members. We could only be expel of conflict if each member gets his needs .Individuals within the family have different level of intrinsically uneven elements, hence power is not equally distributed. Individuals who have access to power in the families work towards building himself instead of changing the family as a whole.The conflict theories are not free from critiques. The theory emphasizes on the negative sides only yet in a family there are good things. For example caring parents and couples who love are not fine. The theory views this as a tool to oppress others in the family. In addition the theory emphasizes on differences within family members as the cause of conflict. Differences are comprehended and accepted because of how we were made. Certainly contemporary families do their things in a secretive manner hence it is hard to measure the level of conflict.In conclusion family setup is not the avenue on oppression and conflict. Parents work together with their children for their betterment and for the good growth. The parents should socialize with their children and the all family so that each one of them grows to fit the dynamic society. We should learn to accommodated and appreciate our diversity within the family. The family is the primary source of all the traits in the society.

An Inside Look at Shark Finning Essay -- detrimental practices, environ

Every summer, when parents take off work and kids are out of school, families plan a summer vacation. 42% of those vacations take go in on sandy landes underneath the summer sun. Americans splash in the waves, sip refreshing drinks under their oversized umbrellas, build sandcastles, and revel in a beach tan that will hopefully last them all summer. While eating seafood and enjoying the beach can be viewed as the ultimate summer vacation, humans squeeze our oceans more than we think, and its much more catastrophic than spending our summer vacations at our favorite beaches. There are currently over 440 species of sharks in our orbs oceans, but despite roaming our oceans waters for millions of years, sharks are constantly at risk of extinction. It is estimated that wholeness hundred million sharks are killed by humans each year. To put it into perspective, thats 11,417 sharks killed every hour. Meanwhile, only 12 humans were killed worldwide by sharks in 2011. The culprit behind th e extremely highschool rate of shark deaths is the practice of shark finning. Shark finning is the practice of slicing off the sharks fins while the shark is still alive and throwing the light of its body back into the ocean where it can take days to die, which must be an agonizing death. The shark fins are used in an Asian statesmanship known as shark fin soup. In many Asian countries, it is a sign of wealth and prosperity and is often served and banquets and weddings to impress the guests. Just one bowl of shark fin soup can cost up to $100. Because of the high demand for shark fin soup, fishermen and middlemen alike have been finning sharks any bump they get. Although the shark fins are used in shark fin soup, they are also sold frozen, canned or dried. The... ...cean Bycatch Campaign. N.p., 31 Oct. 2002. Web. 10 may 2014. Mercury Contamination in Fish Mercury and Its Effects. NRDC. Natural Resource Defense Council, n.d. Web. 8 May 2014. Mosbergen, Dominique. How Many Sha rks Are Killed Per Hour? This Graphic provide Shock You (INFOGRAPHIC). The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 27 Mar. 2013. Web. 14 Apr. 2014. Orchant, Rebecca. Threatened Species Used In Shark Fin Soup Across U.S. The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 10 Aug. 2012. Web. 14 Apr. 2014. Sea Shepherd conservation Society. Sea Shepherd. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Apr. 2014. . Stop Killing Our Sharks Shark Angels. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Apr. 2014. . What You Need to Know about Mercury in Fish and Shellfish. US EPA. United States environmental Protection Agency, 18 June 2011. Web. 9 Apr. 2014.

Breast Cancer Essay -- Diseases Medical Medicine Essays

Breast pubic louse Chromosome 17 and BRCA1Among the most common diseases affecting the female population, breast cancer develops in one of every eight American women. This means that almost 200,000 women suffer from the disease each year. Doctors would advise women to take necessary precautions, such as routine surveillance, in order to ensure a life without obtaining this disease prior to understanding any genetic linkage of breast cancer. Although many external factors contribute to breast cancer, current investigations reveal that fin to ten percent of these cases may be attributed to genetic inheritance (Lynch, 1999). This knowledge, an ingenious finding by Mary-Claire King in 1990, linked breast cancer to the long-arm of chromosome 17 (Biesecker, 1997). Since the discovery of possible genetic linkage, doctors have been able to delineate those individuals who are most prone to the disorder, and immediately, these women begin to act in accordance with doctors suggestions to redu ce their risk (Rosenthal et. al., 1999). Mary-Claire King not only determined that breast cancer was a genetic disorder, her findings also suggest that the mutation of gene BRCA1 (Breast Cancer one) is responsible for most inherited breast cancer. Further investigations pointed to another gene, BRCA2, as also contributing to genetic inheritance. Unlike BRCA1, BRCA2 is prove on chromosome 13. Researchers have found that 90% of all inherited cases of breast cancer may be due to mutations of these individual genes (Lynch et. al., 1999). The BRCA1 gene has the locus designation, 17q21, and is responsible for this autosomal dominant syndrome (Merajver et. al., 1995). This neoplasm suppressor gene, contains 23 exons, each ranging from 41 to 311 bas... ...counseling in hereditary breast cancer. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet 1999(109) 91-98. Merajver, S.D., Frank, T.S., Xu, J, et. al. Germline BRCA1 mutations and loss of the wild-type allele in tumors from families with early onset breast and ovarian cancer. Clin. Can. Res. May 1995 (1) 539-544. Miki, Y., Swensen, J., Shattuck-Eidens, D., et. al. A strong candidate for the breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1. Science. Oct. 1994(266) 66-71. Puget, N., Stoppa-Lyonnet, D., Sinilnikova, OM., Pages, S., Lynch, HT., Lenoir, G.M. and Mazoyer, S. Screening for germ-line rearrangements and regulatory mutations in BRCA1 led to the identification of tetrad new deletions. Cancer Research. Jan. 15, 1999 (59) 455-461. Rosenthal, T.C., and Puck, Stirling M. Screening for genetic risk of breast cancer. American Family Physician. Jan 1999 (59) 99-104.